Propofol (200 mg) | ঔষধের দাম ও নির্দেশিকা

ব্যবহার

Propofol is indicated in- Induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. Sedation during intensive care. Sedation for surgical and diagnostic procedures.

ফার্মাকোলজি

Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic agent for use in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or sedation. Intravenous injection of a therapeutic dose of propofol produces hypnosis rapidly with minimal excitation, usually within 45 seconds from the start of an injection (the time for one arm-brain circulation). The action of propofol involves a positive modulation of the inhibitory function of the neurotransmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through GABA-A receptors.Propofol is a highly lipid soluble, short-acting intravenous general anesthetic. Onset of general anesthesia occurs in most patients within 15-45 seconds. Most patients return to consciousness rapidly and recover without confusion or nausea. They are usually completely orientated within only a few minutes from recovery, and fit for discharge after only a few hours. Contrary to many other anesthetic agents, Propofol is not clinically significantly accumulated during maintenance dosage. It is therefore most suitable for sedation during intensive care. Propofol sets standards that inspire imitators. The clinical benefits of MCT/LCT are Superior to conventional LCT or MCT emulsions. Through Propofol- Technology, there is 30% less free, lipophilic and low-water soluble drug substance that can cause pain on injection compared to products dissolved in water, e.g., for Propofol। Remains the only formulation proven to reduce pain on injection site.

সেবনবিধি

Adults:Induction of general anaesthesia: The dosage of Propofol should be titrated individually against the response of the patient. The ordinary initial dosage in adults is 40 mg (4 ml) by slow intravenous bolus injection at intervals of 10 seconds until the clinical signs show the onset of anaesthesia. The ordinary induction dose in healthy patient below 55 years of age is 2.2-2.5 mg/kg. A dose of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg is often sufficient for older patient. Lower doses, most often 20 mg (2 ml) at intervals of 10 seconds, are recommended for patient of ASA grades 3 and 4.Maintenance of general anaesthesia: Anaesthesia can be maintained by administering Propofol either by continuous infusion or by repeat bolus injections to maintain sufficient anaesthesia. Continuous infusion: The required rate of infusion varies considerably between patients. At the onset of anaesthesia (during roughly the first 10-20 minutes), some patient may require a slightly higher infusion rate (8-10 mg/kg/h). However, sufficient anaesthesia is normally achieved by infusing 4-6 (up to 12) mg/kg/h of Propofol. Repeat bolus injections: 25-50 mg (2.5-5.0 ml) bolus injections, depending on response.Sedation during intensive care: A bolus injection of 1.0-2.0 mg/kg should be given first, followed by continuous infusion adjusted according to required degree of sedation. An infusion rate of 0.3-4 mg/kg/h is usually sufficient.Sedation for surgical and diagnostic procedures: Dosages shall be adjusted individually. Sufficient sedation for surgical and diagnostic procedures can usually be achieved by administering initially 0.5-1 mg/kg during 1-5 minutes, and maintained by continuous at a rate of 1-4.5 mg/kg/h. Bolus dose of 10-20 mg can be given in addition, should deeper sedation be suddenly required. Lower doses of Propofol are often sufficient for patient of ASA grades 3 and 4, and for older patient. Children: Propofol is not recommended for use in children less then 3 years of age as its safety has not been demonstrated. Induction of general anaesthesia: Dosage of Propofol in children shell be adjusted for weight and age. The mean induction dosage in children over 8 years is 2.5 mg/kg, given by slow intravenous injection until the clinical signs show the onset of anaesthesia. Younger children may need slightly higher doses of propofol per kilogram of weight. Lower dosages are recommended for children of ASA grades 3 and 4.Maintenance of general anaesthesia: Anaesthesia can be maintained by administering Propofol either by continuous infusion or by repeat bolus injections. Dosage shall be adjusted individually, but an infusion rate of 9-15 mg/kg/h is usually sufficient to achieve satisfactory anaesthesia.Sedation during intensive care, surgical diagnostic procedures: Propofol is not recommended for sedation in children as its efficacy and safety have not been demonstrated. Although no casual relationship has been established, serious adverse events (including fatalities) have been reported in cases, where propofol has been used against recommendations. Adverse events have most commonly been seen in children with respiratory tract infections given doses in excess of those recommended for adults.

পার্শ্বপ্রতিক্রিয়া

Local: Propofol is normally well tolerated. Its most common undesirable effect is pain at the site of injection that can be reduced by mixing the preparation with lidocaine or by injecting it into one of the larger veins of the forearm or the intercubital fossa. Thrombosis and phlebitis are rare. General: Hypotension and transient apnea may occur at the induction of anaesthesia, and may be severe especially in patients who are in a poor general condition. Epileptic movement, convulsions and dystonic reactions have been seen in rare cases. Pulmonary oedema has also been reported. Headache, nausea and, more rarely, vomiting may occur in some patients during recovery. Recovery may also be associated with another short period of impaired consciousness. Hypersensitivity has been reported in some cases, connected with anaphylactic symptoms such as marked hypotension, bronchospasm, oedema and facial erythema. Some cases of cardiac arrest have occurred in connection with the administration of propofol. In connection with long-term administration of propofol, green or reddish brown discolouration of urine may occur. This is caused by the quinol metabolites of propofol, and is not dangerous. As with other anaesthetics, altered sexual behaviour may occur.

সতর্কতা

Propofol should only be given by specialists in anaesthesiology or under their supervision. The physician performing a surgical or diagnostic procedure should not administer propofol. Facilities for resuscitation in case of any complication should be available at the treatment unit. During the administration of Propofol, patients shall be monitored continuously to observe possible hypotension, obstruction in the respiratory tract, hypoventilation or insufficient oxygen intake at a sufficiently early stage. Special attention shall be paid to patients sedated by Propofol for a surgical or diagnostic procedure, who are not artificially ventilated. Caution shall be taken in administering Propofol to patients with cardiac, respiratory, renal or hepatic insufficiency. Hypovolemic patients and those with poor general condition form another risk group.Since propofol lacks vagolytic activity, bradycardia, even asystole, may occur. Intravenous administration of an anticholinergic agent before induction and during maintenance of anaesthesia should be considered, especially if propofol is used in conjunction with other agents likely to cause bradycardia and in situations where vagal tone is likely to predominate. Since Propofol is a lipid emulsion, appropriate care should be applied in patients with severe disorders of fat metabolism such as pathological hyperlipidemia. If Propofol is administered to a patient for whom excessive fat intake may be risky, blood lipid values shall be monitored and Propofol dosage decreased if necessary. If the patient is receiving other paranteral lipid emulsions in addition to Propofol, the amount of lipid in Propofol (0.1 g/ ml) shall be taken into account, when calculating the total intake of fat. In epileptic patients, propofol may lead to convulsions. The analgetic effect of propofol as such is insufficient. Analgetics shall be used to ensure sufficient analgesia. Full recovery from general anaesthesia shall be confirmed prior to discharge. It shall be noted that the aftermath of general anaesthesia may impair the patient's ability to understand instructions given postoperatively.

গর্ভাবস্থায় ও স্তন্যদানকালে ব্যবহার

Due to insufficient experience, propofol shall not be used during pregnancy. Propofol is rapidly distributed to the foetus and shall therefore not be used for obstetric anaesthesia. Safety to the neonate has not been established in cases, where propofol has been administered to lactating women.

মাত্রাতিরিক্ত ব্যবহার

Overdosage may cause cardiorespiratory depression. Respiratory depression should be treated by artificial ventilation with oxygen, and cardiovascular depression by lowering of the patient's head and elevating of his/her legs. Pressor agents and plasma expanders or Ringer-type electrolyte solutions may be used, if necessary.

সংরক্ষণ

Propofol should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 25º C. It must not be frozen. Any unused solution shall be discarded.

বিকল্প ওষুধ

Propofol 200 mg Emulsion for infusion

ডাক্তারের পরামর্শ

সম্পর্কিত টিপস ও নিবন্ধ

ডেঙ্গু প্রতিরোধের ৫টি কার্যকরী উপায়

ডায়াবেটিস রোগীদের জন্য স্বাস্থ্যকর খাদ্য তালিকা